Last update March 2011

EICOSANOIDS

The classical features of inflammatory reactions are 1) an increase in blood flow, 2) an increase in vascular permeability with migration of cells into the tissue compartment, 3) the release of factors at the tissue sites and 4) resolution. These events are associated with a variety of locally released mediators which activate specific receptors. There is now considerable evidence to suggest that metabolites of the arachidonic acid cascade, namely, prostanoids, leukotrienes and lipoxins play a substantial role in the different phases of inflammation.

            The biological actions of arachidonic acid have essentially been attributed to the conversion of this substrate to a number of metabolites. The release of these lipid mediators varies considerably and depends to a large extent on the specific cell which is activated. Often several cells may interact to produce these lipid mediators by sharing the substrate and/or enzymes responsible for metabolite formation.

A series of enzymatic pathways, namely, cyclooxygenases (COX1, COX2) and lipoxygenases are responsible for the formation of numerous lipid mediators known as eicosanoids. The former enzymes are responsible for the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxane whereas the lipoxygenases transform arachidonic acid to the leukotrienes. The dual lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid by either the 15-lipoxygenase and the 5-lipoxygenase or the 12-lipoxygenase and the 5-lipoxygenase produce eicosanoids known as lipoxins. One of the oxoeicosanoids, the metabolite 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, which is derived from the activity of 5(S)-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase, has recently been shown to also be a potent mediator during inflammation. All of these endogenous lipid mediators are known to produce their biological effects by activation of specific cloned receptors.

            The evolution of eicosanoid receptors have now been phylogenically analyzed based on amino acid sequences. These receptors are located on a variety of cells, tissues, and organs and can be activated by either selective or non-selective ligands. Several of the receptors are known to play a role in different physiological conditions, for example: the control of the vascular tone. However, during chronic inflammation, such as, asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and gastrointestinal disease, their over-expression and role has yet to be fully elucidated. Of considerable interest are the number of compounds which have been developped and are known to selectively antagonized these receptors. In fact a few of the antagonists have been shown to be effective therapeutic agents.

            Recent Reviews:

• Eicosanoid Receptors and Inflammation: TheScientificWorldJOURNAL, 2007; Volume: 7

• Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors: cellular distribution and function in immune and inflammatory responses. J Immunol. 2004;173:1503-10.

• International Union of Pharmacology XLIV. Nomenclature for the oxoeicosanoid receptor. Pharmacol Rev. 2004;56:149-57.

• The quest for new cysteinyl-leukotriene and lipoxin receptors: recent clues. Pharmacol Ther. 2004;103:81-94.

• Prevention of thrombosis and vascular inflammation: benefits and limitations of selective or combined COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24:245-52.

• COX-2 and beyond: Approaches to prostaglandin inhibition in human disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:879-90.

• International Union of Pharmacology XXXVII. Nomenclature for leukotriene and lipoxin receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2003;55:195-227.

• Multi-pronged inhibition of airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation by lipoxin A(4). Nat Med. 2002 ;8(9):1018-23.

• Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science. 2001;294:1871-5.